最新 8 2018 年自考 近十年 英语词汇学名词解释集锦 008 8 32Explanation 1 Explanation 2 Explanation 3 Explanation 4 Explanation 507 年 04 月 Loan words Specialized dictionary Conversion Lexical context Amelioration07 年 07 月 Neologisms Back-formation Associated transfer Lexical contextUsage notes08 年 04 月 Creation Free morphemes Collocative meaning ConcatenationGrammatical context08 年 07 月 Bound root Prefixation Pejoration Homophone Grammatical context09 年 04 月 Morpheme Homonym Connotation Elevation Idiom09 年 07 月 Word Clipping Onomatopoeic Synchronic approach Desk dictionaries10 年 04 月 Borrowed words Conversion Motivation Narrowing Replacement of idioms10 年 07 月 Bound morphemes Affixes Blending Unabridged dictionaryDismembering of idioms11 年 04 月 Jargon Derivational affix Grammatical meaning Associated transferVariations of idioms11 年 07 月 Free morphemes Allomorphs Affixation Polysemy Linguistic context12 年 04 月 Archaisms Stem Grammatical meaning Amelioration Rhetoric characteristics of idioms12 年 07 月 Creation Conversion Homonymy Lexical context Deletion of idioms13 年 04 月 Semantic change Compounding Radiation Extra-linguistic context Idioms nominal in nature13 年 07 月 Neologisms Stem Reference DegradationTrue idioms14 年 04 月 Creation Conversion hyponomy Linguistic contextPhrasal verbs14 年 01 月 Neologism Affixes Semantic motivation Elevation Metonymy15 年 04 月 Jargon Stem Motivation Extension Metonymy15 年 10 月 Creation Clipping Antonymy Extra-linguistic context Idioms nominal in nature16 年 04 月 Content words Morpheme Onomatopoeic motivation Elevation Idioms16 年 10 月 Semantic change Compounding Synonyms Grammatical contextPhrasal verbs17 年 04 月 Encyclopedia Borrowed words Blending ExtensionPhrasal verbs17 年 10 月 Creation Compounding Radiation Context (in a narrow sense) Metonymy18 年 04 月 Terminology Morpheme Conceptual meaning Elevation True idioms1.Word 词A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.词是语言 中 最小的自由 单位 ，有 其 固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。

2.Jargon 行话Jargon refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts,sciences,trades and professions communicate among themselves.行话是指特定的艺术、科学、贸易和职业的成员之间相互交流的专业词汇。3.Neologisms 新词Neologisms are newly-created words and expressions,or words that have taken on new meanings(e.g.E-mail,futurology).新词是新 创 造的单词和词组，或具有新含义的词语( ( 如电子邮件、未来学) ) 。4.Borrowed words or Loan words 借词Words taken over from foreign languages are loan words or borrowed words.借词是从外国带来的词。5.Creation 造词Creation refers to the formation of new words by using existing materials, namely roots, affixes and other elements. In modern times, this is the mostimportant way of vocabulary expansion.造词是指通过使用现有的材料自考英语词汇学，即词根、词缀和其他元素形成新词。

在现代自考英语词汇学，这是词汇扩充的最重要方式。6.Semantic change 旧词新义Semantic change means an old form which taken on a new meaning to meet the new need.It does not increase the number of word forms but createmany more new usages of the words.旧词新义是指以一种新的意义来满足新需要的旧形式。它不会增加单词的数量，但会创造更多的新用法。7.Morpheme 语素Morpheme is the minimal meaningful unit of a language.语素是单词组成中最小的功能单位。8.Allomorph 语素变体Allomorph is one of the variants that realize a morpheme.Some morphemes, however, are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs.词素变体是实现语素的变体之一。

然而, , 有些语素可实现多个变体，根据他们的位置选择变体被称为语素变体。9.Free morphemes 自由语素Free morphemes are independent of other morphemes and have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units insentences.They are identical with root words.自由语素独立于其他语素，具有完整的意义，可以作为句子中的自由语法单位使用。它们与词根相同。10.Bound morphemes 粘着语素Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound.They are so named because they are bound to other morphemes to form words. Boundmorphemes are chiefly found in derived words.不能作为单独的单词出现的语素 是粘着的 。

它们之所以如此命名，是因为它们与其他语素结合在一起形成单词。 粘着 语素主要是 出现 在 派 生词中。11.Bound root 粘着词根Abound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning. It is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words.粘着词 根是具有根本的意义 的 词的一部分。它是一种 粘着 的形式，必须与其他语素结合起来 组成词语 。12.Affixes 词缀Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word element to modify meaning or function. Almost all affixes are bound morphemes. According to thefunction of affixes, we can put them into two groups:inflectional and derivational affixes.词缀是附 着 在单词或 单 词 的要 素上 ， 用来修饰意义或功能的形式 。

几乎所有的词缀都是固定的语素 。 根据词缀的功能 ， 我们可以将其分为两 大类: : 屈折 词缀 和派生词缀。13.Derivational affix 派生词缀Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.派生词缀是被添加到其他语素中来创造新词的词缀。14.Stem 词干A stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.词干可以定义为任何类型的词缀 都 可以添加的形式。15.Affixiation 词缀法Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems.This process is also known asderivation.词缀 法 通常是通过 构词形式 或 派生 词缀来 添加到词干的构词法 。

这个过程也被称为 派生法 。16.Prefixation 前缀法Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify itsmeaning.前缀法是通过将前缀添加到词干来形成新单词。前缀通常不会改变词干的词类，但只会改变词义。17.Compounding 合成法Compounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.合成法，也称为组合法，是通过连接两个或更多的词干来形成新单词。18.Conversion 转化法Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.转 化法 是将一个类的单词转换为另一个类的新单词的 方法 。

19.Blending 拼缀法Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word.拼缀法是通过组合两个单词或一个单词的部分，再加上另一个单词的一部分的新单词的构成方法。20.Clipping 截短法Clipping is the formation of new words by shortening a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.There are fourcommon types of clipping:front clipping,back clipping,front and back clipping and phrase clipping.截短法通过缩短了一个较长的单词，去掉了原来的部分，用剩下的代替的方法。四种常见的截短法: : 前截短，后截短，前后截短和短语截短。21.Back-formation 逆生法Back-formation is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.逆生法 是通过删除所谓的后缀来创建单词的方法。

22.Reference 所指Reference is the relationship between language and the world.By means of reference,a speaker indicates which things in the world are being talkedabout.所指是语言与世界的关系。通过所指自考英语词汇学，演讲者指出了世界上正在谈论的事物。23.Motivation 理据Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.理据 解释了语言符号与意义之间的联系。24.Onomatopoeic 拟声The formation or use of words such as buzz or murmur that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to.像嗡嗡声或杂音这样的词的形成或使用，模仿与它们所指的物体或动作有关的声音。

25.Onomatopoeic Motivation 拟声理据Onomatopoeic Motivation explains the words whose sounds suggest their meaning, Because these words were created by imitating the natural soundsor noises.拟声 理据 解释了这些词的发音暗示它们的意思，因为这些词是模仿自然的声音或 躁 音而产生的。26.Semantic motivation 语义理据Semantic motivation refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word.It explains the connection between the literalsense and figurative sense of the word.语义 理据 是指一个词的概念意义所暗示的心理联想。它解释了字面意义和比喻意义之间的联系。27.Grammatical meaning 语法意义Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech ofwords,singular and plural meaning of nouns,tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms.语法意义指的是指语法概念或关系的部分意义，例如词性、单数和复数意义的词义、动词的时态意义和它们的屈折形式。

28.Collocative meaning 搭配意义Collocative meaning is the word-meaning which is suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.搭配意义是指在讨论前后的词语所暗示的词义。29.Polysemy 多义关系Polysemy refers to the words that have two or more than two senses.多义关系 指的是有两种或以上两种 语义 的词。30.Synchronic approach 共时研究Synchronic approach is an approach to polysemy, which studies the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period oftime.共时研究是研究多 义词 的一种方法，它研究同一词在一定的历史时期内的不同 意 义的共存。31.Radiation 辐射型Radiation refers to a process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center and the secondary meanings proceed outof it in every direction like rays.辐射 型是基本义处于中心地位而次要意义由中心义辐射而出的语义的发展过程，像射线一样 。

32.Concatenation 连锁型Concatenation is a semantic process in which each of the later meanings is related only to the preceding one like chains.连 锁型 是一个语义过程，在这个过程中，每一个后面的含义都只与之相关近十年自考英语词汇学名词解释集锦00832， 就像锁链一样。33.Homonym 同形同音异义词Homonyms are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.同形 同音异义词通常被定义为词义上的不同，但在发音和拼写上都是相同的 或 只是在发音或拼写上是相同的。34.Homophones 同音异义词Words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning are called homophones.发音相同但在拼写和意义上不同的单词被称为同音异义词。

35.Connotation 内涵Connotation refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning.内涵是指概念意义所暗示的泛音或联想。36.Hyponymy 上下义关系Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion that is,the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more ge…